Hawlgalka shabakada iyo dayactirka, waa dhibaato caadi ah laakiin dhib badan oo qalabku ma Ping ka dib marka si toos ah loogu xidho. Kuwa bilowga ah iyo injineerada khibrada leh labadaba, badanaa waa lagama maarmaan in la bilaabo heerar kala duwan oo la baaro sababaha suurtogalka ah. Maqaalkani wuxuu jebiyaa tillaabooyinka cilad-raadinta si uu kaaga caawiyo inaad si dhakhso leh u hesho sababta asalka u ah dhibaatada oo aad u hagaajiso. Hababkani waa kuwo lagu dabaqi karo oo la taaban karo labadaba shabakadaha guriga iyo deegaanka ganacsiga. Waxaan kugu socon doonaa loolankan tallaabo-tallaabo, laga bilaabo jeegaga aasaasiga ah ilaa jeegaga sare.
1. Hubi heerka isku xidhka jidhka si aad u hubiso in calaamadu shaqaynayso
Saldhigga isgaarsiinta shabakadu waa isku xirnaanta jirka. Haddii qalabku ku guuldareysto Ping ka dib xiriir toos ah, talaabada ugu horeysa waa in la hubiyo in lakabka jireed uu shaqeynayo. Waa kuwan tillaabooyinka:
Xaqiiji isku xidhka fiilada Shabakadda:Hubi in fiilada shabakadu si adag ugu xidhan tahay iyo in xidhiidhka fiilada shabakadu dabacsan yahay. Haddii aad isticmaalayso fiilada tooska ah, hubi in xadhiggu u hoggaansamo heerka TIA/EIA-568-B (Heerka Cable-ka Tooska ah ee Caadiga ah). Haddii aad leedahay aalado duug ah, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato inaad ka gudubto khadadka (TIA/EIA-568-A) sababtoo ah qaar ka mid ah aaladaha duugga ah ma taageeraan beddelka tooska ah ee MDI/MDIX.
Hubi tayada Cable-ka Shabakadda:Xadhkaha shabkada oo tayadoodu liidato ama aad u dheer ayaa laga yaabaa in ay keento hoos u dhac. Dhererka fiilada caadiga ah ee shabakadda waa in lagu xakameeyaa 100 mitir gudahood. Haddii fiilku aad u dheer yahay ama uu leeyahay burbur muuqda (tusaale, jabay ama fidsan), waxa lagu talinayaa in lagu beddelo xadhig tayo sare leh oo dib u tijaabi.
U fiirso Tilmaamayaasha Qalabka:Inta badan aaladaha shabakadaha (sida furayaasha, router-yada, kaadhadhka shabakada) waxay leeyihiin tilmaamayaasha heerka xidhiidhka. Caadi ahaan, iftiinku wuu shidaa (cagaaran ama liimi) ka dib markii la isku xidho, waxaana laga yaabaa in uu jiro flicker tilmaamaya wareejinta xogta. Haddii tilmaamuhu aanu shidin, waxa laga yaabaa inay dhibaato ku tahay fiilada shabakadda, dhex-dhexaadka jaban, ama qalabku aanu shidnayn.
Tijaabada Dekedda:Ku xidh fiilada shabakadda dekedda kale ee qalabka si aad uga saarto suurtagalnimada burburka dekedda. Haddii la heli karo, waxaad isticmaali kartaa tijaabiyaha fiilada shabakadda si aad u hubiso isku xirnaanta fiilada shabakadda si aad u hubiso in lammaane kasta si sax ah loo dalbado.
Isku xirka jireed waa talaabada ugu horeysa ee isgaarsiinta shabakada, waana inaan hubinnaa in aysan jirin wax dhibaato ah lakabkan ka hor inta aanan sii wadin baaritaanka sababaha heerka sare.
2. Hubi heerka STP ee aaladda si aad u hubiso in dekeddu aanay naafo ahayn
Haddii aadan awoodin inaad ku dhejiso Ping inkasta oo xiriirka jireed ee caadiga ah, waxaa laga yaabaa inay dhibaato ka timaado nidaamka isku xirka-lakabka qalabka. Mid ka mid ah sababaha caadiga ah waa Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Faham doorka STP:STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) waxaa loo isticmaalaa si looga hortago muuqaalka wareegyada shabakada. Haddii qalabku ogaado loop, STP waxay dekeddo gaar ah gelisaa Gobolka xannibaadda, taasoo ka ilaalinaysa inay xogta u gudbiyaan.
Hubi Xaaladda Dekedda:Gal qalabkaaga CLI (Command Line interface) ama interface adminka Shabkada si aad u aragto in dekeddu ku jirto xaalada " Gudbinta ". Marka laga hadlayo beddelka Sisiko, heerka STP waxa lagu eegi karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo amarka tusa tufaaxa-geedka. Haddii deked loo muujiyo sida "Blocking", STP waxay xannibaysaa isgaarsiinta dekeddaas.
Xalka:
Si ku meel gaadh ah u demi STP:Deegaanka tijaabada ah, waxaa suurtagal ah in si ku meel gaar ah loo damiyo STP (tusaale, maya spath-tree vlan 1), laakiin tani laguma talinayo wax soo saarka sababtoo ah waxay keeni kartaa duufaan baahinta.
Daar PortFast:Haddii qalabku uu taageero, shaqada PortFast waa la dhaqaajin karaa dekedda (amarada sida spath-tree portfast), taasoo u oggolaanaysa dekeddu inay ka gudubto marxaladda dhegeysiga iyo waxbarashada STP oo ay si toos ah u gasho xaaladda gudbinta.
Hubi Loops:Haddii xannibaadda STP ay sababto jiritaanka wareegyada shabakadda, sii hubi shabakada topology-ga si aad u hesho oo aad u jebiso wareegyada.
Dhibaatooyinka STP waxay ku badan yihiin shabakadaha ganacsiga, gaar ahaan goobaha beddelka badan. Haddii aad leedahay shabakad yar, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad awoodid inaad ka gudubto tallaabadan hadda, laakiin fahamka sida STP u shaqeyso waxay wax weyn ka tari kartaa dhibaatooyinka mustaqbalka.
3. Hubi in ARP uu shaqaynayo si loo hubiyo in ciwaanka MAC si sax ah loo xaliyay
Marka lakabka isku xirka uu yahay mid caadi ah, aad lakabka shabakada si aad u hubiso. Amarka Ping wuxuu ku tiirsan yahay borotokoolka ICMP, kaas oo marka hore xaliya ciwaanka IP-ga la beegsanayo ee ciwaanka MAC iyadoo loo sii marinayo hab-raaca xalinta ciwaanka (ARP). Haddii xallinta ARP fashilanto, Ping wuu fashilmi doonaa.
Fiiri miiska ARP: Ka hubi miiska ARP ee qalabka si aad u xaqiijiso in ciwaanka MAC ee aaladda la beegsaday si guul leh loo xaliyay. Windows dhexdeeda, tusaale ahaan, waxaad ku arki kartaa kaydka ARP adoo furaya khadka taliska oo aad ku qorto arp-a. Haddii uusan jirin ciwaanka MAC ee meesha IP-ga loo socdo, xallinta ARP waa guuldareystay.
Tijaabinta gacanta ee ARP:Isku day inaad gacanta ku dirto codsiyada ARP. Tusaale ahaan, Windows-ka waxaad isticmaali kartaa amarka ping-ka si aad u kiciso codsiga ARP, ama si toos ah u isticmaal qalab sida arping (nidaamka Linux). Haddii aysan jirin jawaab laga bixiyo codsiga ARP, sababaha suurtogalka ah waxaa ka mid ah:
Xiritaanka Firewall:Codsiyada ARP waxaa xannibay darbiga qalabka qaarkood. Hubi goobaha dab-damiska ee aaladda bartilmaameedka ah oo isku day mar kale ka dib markii si ku meel gaar ah u dami dab-damiska.
Isku dhaca IP:Xallinta ARP waxaa laga yaabaa inay guuldareysato haddii ay jiraan isku dhacyo ciwaanka IP-ga ah ee shabakada Isticmaal qalab sida Wireshark si aad u qabato baakadaha oo aad u aragto haddii ay jiraan cinwaano badan oo MAC ah oo ka jawaabaya isla IP-ga.
Xalka:
Tirtir Arpcache (Windows: netsh interface ip delete arpcache; Linux: ip-ss neigh flush all) ka dibna Ping mar kale.
Hubi in ciwaanada IP-ga ee labada qalabba ay ku jiraan isla subnet-ka iyo in maaskarada subnet-ku ay isku mid yihiin (fiiri faahfaahinta talaabada xigta).
Arrimaha ARP waxay inta badan si dhow ula xiriiraan qaabeynta lakabka shabakadda, waxayna u baahan tahay dulqaad si loo xalliyo cilladaha si loo hubiyo in wax walba ay shaqeynayaan.
4. Hubi ciwaanka IP-ga iyo Isku xidhka Subnetka si aad u hubiso kaabayaasha isgaadhsiinta
Dhibaatooyinka lakabka shabakadu inta badan waa dambiilaha ugu weyn ee fashilka Ping. Ciwaanka IP-ga ee khaldan iyo shabakad-hoosaadyada ayaa sababa in aaladaha ay ku guul-darraystaan inay la xiriiraan. Waa kuwan tillaabooyinka:
Xaqiiji cinwaanka IP:Hubi in ciwaanka IP-ga ee laba qalab ay ku jiraan isku shabakad hoose. Tusaale ahaan, aaladda A waxa ay leedahay IP ah 192.168.1.10 iyo maaskaro subnet ah 255.255.255.0. Aaladda B waxa ay leedahay IP ah 192.168.1.20 iyo maaskaro subnet isku mid ah. Labada ip waxay ku wada sugan yihiin isku shabakad hoose (192.168.1.0/24) oo aragti ahaan way wada xidhiidhi karaan. Haddii aaladda B uu leeyahay IP-ga 192.168.2.20, kuma jiro isla subnet-ka oo Ping wuu fashilmi doonaa.
Hubi Maaskarada Subnetka:Maaskarada subnet-ka ee aan is-waafaqsanayn waxay sidoo kale u horseedi kartaa guul-darrooyinka is-gaarsiinta. Tusaale ahaan, aaladda A waxa ay leedahay maaskaro 255.255.255.0 ah iyo aaladda B waxa ay leedahay maaskaro ah 255.255.0.0, taas oo u horseedi karta caqabadaha isgaadhsiinta sababta oo ah fahamkooda kala duwan ee baaxadda subnetka. Hubi in maaskarada subnet-ku ay isku mid yihiin labada qalab.
Hubi Settings Gateway:Aaladaha sida tooska ah ugu xidhan badanaa uma baahna albaab laga galo, laakiin albaabada khaldan ee loo habeeyey waxay sababi kartaa in baakadaha si khaldan loo gudbiyo. Hubi in albaabka labada qalab loo dejiyay mid aan habaysanayn ama uu tilmaamayo ciwaanka saxda ah.
Xalka:
Wax ka beddel ciwaanka IP-ga ama maaskaro-hoosaadka si aad u hubiso in labada qalabba ay ku jiraan isku shabakad hoose. Dami Settings gateway-ka aan loo baahnayn ama dhig qiimaha caadiga ah (0.0.0.0).
Qaabeynta IP waa udub dhexaadka isgaarsiinta shabakada, sidaas darteed waxaa muhiim ah in laba jeer la hubiyo si loo hubiyo in aysan jirin wax maqan.
5. Hubi xidhmooyinka ICMP ee la diray oo la helay si loo hubiyo in hab-maamuuska aanu naafo ahayn
Amarka Ping wuxuu ku tiirsan yahay Hab-maamuuska Farriinta Xakamaynta Internetka (ICMP). Haddii baakadaha ICMP la joojiyo ama la joojiyo, Ping ma guulaysan doono.
Hubi Xeerarka Firewall:Aalado badan ayaa leh dab-damis si toos ah u shaqeeya, kuwaas oo xannibi kara codsiyada ICMP. Gudaha Windows, tusaale ahaan, hubi goobta "Windows Defender Firewall" si aad u hubiso in xeerka ICMPv4-In la oggol yahay. Nidaamyada Linux waxay eegaan qaanuunka iptables-ka (iptables -L) si loo hubiyo in ICMP aan la xannibin.
Hubi Siyaasadda Qalabka:Qaar ka mid ah router-yada ama furayaasha waxay joojiyaan jawaabaha ICMP si ay uga hortagaan iskaanka. Gal shaashadda maamulka qalabka si aad u hubiso in ICMP ay naafo tahay.
Falanqaynta Qabashada Xidhmada:Isticmaal qalab sida Wireshark amaMylinking Network TapsiyoMylinking Network Brokersin la qabto baakado si loo eego in codsiga ICMP la sameeyay iyo haddii ay jirto jawaab. Haddii codsiga la sameeyo laakiin aysan jirin wax jawaab ah, dhibaatadu waxay ku jiri kartaa qalabka bartilmaameedka ah. Haddii aan wax codsi ah la samayn, dhibaatadu waxay ku jirtaa mishiinka deegaanka.
Xalka:
(Daaqadaha: netsh advfirewall waxa ay demisay allprofiles state off; Linux: iptables -F) si loo tijaabiyo in Ping uu caadi ku soo noqday iyo in kale
Arrimaha ICMP waxay inta badan la xiriiraan siyaasadaha amniga, kuwaas oo u baahan kala beddelasho ka dhexeeya amniga iyo isku xirnaanta.
6. Hubi in qaabka Xidhmada uu sax yahay si aad u hubiso in aanay wax khalad ah ku jirin Borotokoolka
Haddii wax walba si fiican u socdaan oo aadan weli awoodin Ping, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato inaad hoos u dhigto kaydka borotokoolka si aad u hubiso in baakidhku uu qaab sax ah ku jiro.
Qabo oo Falanqee Xirmooyinka:
Isticmaal Wireshark si aad u qabsato baakadaha ICMP oo aad hubiso kuwa soo socda:
- Nooca iyo Koodhka Codsiga ICMP waa sax (Codsiga Echo waa inuu noqdaa Nooca 8, Koodhka 0).
- Haddi meesha iyo meesha ip ay sax yihiin.
- Haddii ay jiraan qiimayaal aan caadi ahayn oo TTL ah (Waqti la noolaan karo) taasoo keeni karta in baakadda la tuuro kala badh.
Hubi Settings MTU:Haddi Settings Unit gudbinta ugu badan (MTU) aanay joogto ahayn, kala qaybsanaanta baakidhku waxa laga yaabaa inay fashilmaan. MTU-ga caadiga ah waa 1500 bytes, laakiin aaladaha qaar ayaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaabeeyo qiimayaal yaryar. Tijaabi kala qaybsanaanta amarka ping-fl 1472 bartilmaameedka IP (Windows). Haddii jeexjeexid la soo jeediyo laakiin calankii ha jeexjeexin (DF) la dejiyay, MTU kuma eka.
Xalka:
Hagaaji qiimaha MTU (Windows: netsh interface ipv4 set subinterface "Ethernet" mtu=1400 store=joogta ah).
Hubi in MTU-ga labada qalab ay isku mid yihiin.
Dhibaatada xirmada borotokoolka waa mid aad u adag, waxaa la soo jeediyay in falanqaynta qoto dheer la sameeyo ka dib markii baaritaanka aasaasiga ah uu yahay mid aan miro dhal lahayn.
7. Aruurinta macluumaadka oo raadso taageerooyin farsamo
Haddii tillaabooyinka kor ku xusan ay xallin waayaan arrinta, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato inaad xog dheeraad ah ururiso oo aad raadsato taageero farsamo.
Log:Ururi macluumaadka log ee aaladda (syslog of router/switch, syslog of PC) oo arag haddii ay jiraan wax khaladaad ah.
La xidhiidh soo saaraha:Haddii qalabku yahay badeecad ganacsi sidaMylinking(Tabaha Shabakadda, Dallaalinta Xirmada ShabakaddaiyoInline Bypass), Cisco (Router / Switch), Huawei (Router / Switch), waxaad la xiriiri kartaa taageerada farsamada ee soo saaraha si aad u bixiso tillaabooyinka kormeerka faahfaahsan iyo diiwaannada.
Ka faa'iidaysiga Bulshada:Ku dhaji golayaasha farsamada (tusaale, Dul-qulka Istaroogga, Bulshada Cisco) si aad u hesho caawimo, oo bixisa topology-ga shabakada iyo macluumaadka qaabaynta.
Xidhiidhka tooska ah ee aaladda shabakadda ee ku guul dareysata Ping waxay u ekaan kartaa mid fudud, laakiin dhab ahaantii waxay ku lug yeelan kartaa dhibaatooyin badan lakabka jirka, lakabka isku xirka, lakabka shabakada, iyo xitaa xirmada borotokoolka. Dhibaatooyinka intooda badan waxaa lagu xallin karaa in la raaco toddobadan tallaabo, laga bilaabo aasaasiga ilaa kuwa sare. Hadday hubinayso fiilada shabakadda, hagaajinta STP, xaqiijinta ARP, ama hagaajinta qaabaynta IP-ga iyo siyaasadda ICMP, tallaabo kastaa waxay u baahan tahay daryeel iyo dulqaad. Waxaan rajeynayaa in hagahan uu ku siin doono xoogaa cadeyn ah sida loo sameeyo cilad abuurka interneedka, si aadan ku jahawareerin haddii aad la kulanto dhibaato la mid ah.
Waqtiga boostada: Meey-09-2025
